What's the Matter?

Matter is everything that has MASS and takes up VOLUME (or space).
It is made up of atoms and molecules which contain mass.

The three units of mass:
gram                 g        
kilogram           kg
milligram          mg       

Example:
A small penny coin has a mass of 2.5g



However, the mass of the M87 black hole can be as much as 3.580056 × 10³¹ kg!



For a grain of sand, it is estimated to have a mass of 2.5mg.




Matter can be seperated into two categories: "Mixture" and "Pure Substance".

Mixture
- Made out of substances that CANNOT be united during any chemical processes
- Have more than one set of properties
- Example: salt water, alcohol
- Can be classified as "Homogeneous" or "Heterogeneous"
               Homogeneous
                  
              
                ↑ Sugar added in a glass of water
              ~Different components are NOT visible to naked eye after being mixed
              ~ The components are spreaded uniformly throughout mixing
             ~ They do not undergo any reactions
             ~ Examples: sugar in coffee, milk in tea

             Heterogeneous

           
             ↑  Oil floating on top of a glass of water
            ~ Different components can be visibly seen after mixed together
           ~ Components seem to have very different properties so they don't blend
           ~ Physical appearence of components will not be changed after mixed
           ~ Examples: oil with water, noodles with pork, sand in water

Pure Substance
- Cannot be physcially or chemically seperated
- Have the same taste, color, composition, and texture between the substances
- Have only one set of properties
- Examples: Gold, oxygen gas
- Can be classified into an "Element" or a "Compound"

          Element
          ~ Composed of atoms
          ~ The simplest form of matter
          ~ Cannot be decomposed or break down
          ~ There are 115 known elements
          ~ Example: hydrogen, nitrogen, silver
          ~ Can classified into "Metal", "Metalloid" and "Non-metal"

                 Metals

                
                ↑ A testube with mercury
              ‧Metal elements are great conductors of heat and electricity
              ‧High melting points
              ‧Solid at room temperature
              ‧Example: iron, copper, silver

                 Metalloid

               
                ↑ Boron, a metalloid
              ‧They have both metal and non-metal properties
              ‧They are like non-metals when they "meet with" metals
              ‧They are like metals when the "meet with" metals
              ‧Example: boron, silicon

                Non-metal

                
                 ↑ Neon is an example of a non-metal
              ‧Heat and electricity isulators
              ‧Gain electrons easily
              ‧Example: neon, chlorine

          Compound
          ~ They are made up of two or more elements
          ~ Compounds are combined chemically
          ~ Molecules such as oxygen gas should composed of 2 atoms
          ~ Example: Chlorine gas, sulfur dioxide       
 
               Ionic-acid
              ‧Has a pH <7
              ‧Corrosive
              ‧Taste sour
              ‧Always have a hydrogen atom
              ‧Example: acetic acid, hydrochloric acid

               Ionic-Base
              ‧Has a pH >7
              ‧Corrosive
              ‧Taste bitter
              ‧Always have a hydroxide atom
              ‧Example: ammonia, sodium hydroxide

              Ionic-Salt
              ‧The mixture of an acid and a base (neutralization)
              ‧Always have a salt product + H2O
              ‧Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

              Covalent-Organic compound

              
                ↑  The structure formula of Melamine
              ‧A compound with a carbon atom
              ‧Example: Aspartic acid, Hexafluoropropylene

The diagram of Matter and it's sub-categories: